Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Overview

Like prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms do not want to express all of their genes all of the time. Given the complexity of multicellular eukaryotes, gene regulation in these organisms needs to be very complex. This module provides a brief overview of the various levels of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, and takes a look at the basics of transcriptional regulation; a detailed look at eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is beyond the scope of this course.

Objectives

1. Know the different levels at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes, and understand the principles of regulation at each level.
2. Understand the functional difference between promoters and enhancers.
3. Understand the basics of tissue-specific gene regulation.
4. Know the functional domains of transcription factors. Know the different families of transcription factors.

The Need for Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes need to regulate their genes for different reasons than prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, gene regulation allowed them to respond to their environment efficiently and economically. While eukaryotes can respond to their environment (we'll see an example of this later), the main reason higher eukaryotes need to regulate their genes is cell specialization. Whereas prokaryotes are (relatively speaking) simple, unicellular organisms, multicellular eukaryotes consist of hundreds of different cell types, each differentiated to serve a different specialized function. Each cell type differentiates by activating a different subset of genes. (For more on this, see the module on developmental genetics.) Because of the multitude of cell types, the regulation of gene expression required to bring about such differentiation is necessarily complex. One way this complexity is demonstrated is in multiple levels of regulation of gene expression.

Levels of Regulation

Before we discuss the specifics of regulation, it is necessary to understand that "gene expression" covers the entire process from transcription through protein synthesis. The final measure of whether or not a gene is "expressed" is if the protein is produced, because it is protein that will ultimately carry out the function specified by the gene.

We've seen numerous examples of how eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. One obvious example of this is the presence of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells, which separates transcription from translation in a way not seen in prokaryotes. Furthermore, eukaryotic transcripts must be processed before they can be translated. Here is a diagram outlining the steps involved in the production of a protein in eukaryotic cells:

Regulation can occur at any point in this pathway; specifically, it occurs at the levels of transcription, RNA processing, mRNA lifetime (longevity), and translation. Each of these types of regulation will be considered in turn.